The international road transport sector is a cornerstone of Europe's economy and society, ensuring that citizens across the EU have access to essential goods and services. Nearly 90 % of transport workers are employed in land transport, with road transport representing the largest share. It is therefore particularly important to ensure adequate working conditions, fair wages, social protection, job security and safety, as well as comprehensive and accessible legislation for these workers. It is also essential to address demographic trends and to help workers adapt to the new digital environment and environmental requirements. At the EU level, legislation and various initiatives aim to address the challenges faced by road transport workers. The 2020 Mobility Package I covers the posting of drivers outside their home country, driving and rest time rules (including the use of tachographs), access to the profession, and market access (the latter applying specifically to goods transport). Another directive regulates driving times, breaks and rest periods in occasional passenger services. The revised Driving Licence Directive seeks to tackle driver shortages. EU initiatives focus on incentivising young people's and women's participation in the sector, on addressing the impact automation and digitalisation have on it, and on improving the provision of clear information on relevant EU legislation to drivers. The future holds new challenges and opportunities for the sector. The continued development of environmentally friendly transport modes, along with the wider deployment of intelligent transport systems and automated transport solutions, will reshape road transport and demand greater flexibility and adaptability from its workforce. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The fight against impunity remains a key challenge for the international community, as efforts to hold perpetrators of serious international crimes accountable are increasingly strained by geopolitical rivalries, fragmented enforcement and weak political will. This paper examines three accountability mechanisms – international criminal tribunals, universal jurisdiction and transitional justice – through comparative analysis and case studies. International criminal tribunals, from ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda to the International Criminal Court, have advanced legal norms and secured landmark convictions. Yet, their legitimacy is weakened by high costs, slow trials, selective enforcement and limited cooperation from states. Universal jurisdiction allows national courts to prosecute atrocities irrespective of territorial or personal links. Its growing use in Europe, especially in cases linked to Syria and Ukraine, demonstrates potential, although inconsistent application and political frictions limit its effectiveness. Transitional justice, through truth commissions, reparations and institutional reforms, offers societies pathways to reconciliation and peace, but faces recurring challenges of political interference, resource scarcity and insufficient victim participation. Case studies from the Balkans, Ukraine, Ethiopia, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Colombia, Syria and Israel-Palestine highlight that no single mechanism is sufficient. Instead, effective accountability requires context-sensitive and context-specific combinations of tools. The paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening the European Union’s global role. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Slovakia is set to receive €6 408.5 million, solely in grants, to implement its national recovery and resilience plan (NRRP), representing 6.8 % of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019. That grant allocation includes the revised Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) grant allocation (€6 005.8 million), REPowerEU grants (€366.4 million), and a transfer of the country's remaining share from the Brexit Adjustment Reserve (€36.3 million). On 8 May 2025, the European Commission adopted an implementing decision reducing Slovakia's RRF allocation by €1.23 million due to a conflict of interest. This amount was deducted from the fifth payment of €492 million received on 10 July 2025. On 13 November 2025, the Council approved Slovakia's latest (fourth) revision of the NRRP. Slovakia's plan comprises reforms and investment to help the Slovak economy recover, while advancing the green and digital transitions and addressing structural weaknesses. In the 2025 country report, the Commission found that Slovakia's NRRP is progressing but requires increased efforts for timely completion. So far, Slovakia has received €3 963.8 million (61.9 % of the total allocation), covering pre-financing (including REPowerEU pre-financing) and five grant payments. Slovakia's absorption of RRF resources sits above the EU average of 56.5 %. The European Parliament continues to ensure transparency and accountability through interinstitutional dialogues on RRF implementation, and scrutiny of the Commission's work. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States. Fifth edition. The previous editions were drafted by Magdalena Sapała and Božena Destin Bobková. The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

We analyse the euro area economic outlook, the European Central Bank’s monetary policy stance and its communication strategy. We offer suggestions for complementing monetary policy statements: including additional indicators, publishing scenario analyses, and being more explicit about secondary objective considerations. We indicate guidelines for future policy analysis, like how structural changes in the economy influence monetary policy, trade-offs between different roles of the ECB, the impact of rate setting on the green transition, and additional scenarios for digital euro introduction. This document was provided by the Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit at the request of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 3 December 2025. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Executive Vice-President Ribera, charged with the Competition portfolio, has been invited to a structured dialogue in ECON on 4 December 2025. This briefing outlines key principles of competition policy, and elaborates on the available State aid data, to illustrate its size (exceeding the EU budget) and use. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

This briefing provides background on digital assets ahead of the ECON public hearing on 3 December 2025. In addition to providing quantitative and qualitative background information on digital assets including stablecoins, the briefing also aims to clarify how the decentralized and centralized parts of crypto assets interact. It offers two main take-aways: First, since the creation of Bitcoin as the first genuine digital asset, alternatives have in general re-introduced risks by imitating business models of traditional centralized financial institutions. Second, stablecoins, as a manifestation of this trend, combine elements of decentralized and centralized finance. While they use services of decentralized public ledgers (such as Ethereum) they are (highly) centralized when it comes to corporate decisions (such as minting) or the management of reserve assets and resemble Money Market Funds (MMFs) but with increased operational and cyber risks. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The EU Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) 2028–2034 allocates significant funding (EUR 522 billion) to its Heading 2: 'Competitiveness, prosperity and security'. It proposes three key instruments which directly impact ITRE core areas of responsibility : - The European Competitiveness Fund (ECF), which serves as the MFF’s main instrument to boost EU competitiveness. It merges 14 programmes into a flexible fund, aiming to enhance coherence and EU added value, but raises concerns over centralised oversight and governance. - Horizon Europe, which supports research and innovation with a 63% budget increase, yet remains below the Draghi report’s recommendation, raising concerns about underfunding, excessive centralisation as well as eligibility of dual-use. - Connecting Europe Facility, which funds Trans-European Networks in transport (including military mobility) and energy. Unresolved challenges — governance, EU versus national priority alignment, and practical implementation new funding mechanisms — will play a central role in determining ITRE’s policy influence in the years ahead. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

On 1 March 2023, as part of the road safety package, the European Commission published a legislative proposal to help ensure EU-wide application of driving disqualifications. The proposal calls for increased cooperation, harmonisation of legislation, simplification of information exchange, capacity-building, and improved public awareness efforts. In order to prevent impunity due to a lack of legislation, the proposal sets out rules to allow better EU-wide enforcement of driver disqualification decisions when drivers commit major traffic offences outside their own country. In the European Parliament, the Committee on Transport and Tourism (TRAN) is responsible for the file. The TRAN committee adopted its report on 29 November 2023. Interinstitutional negotiations started in October 2024, and a provisional agreement was found on 25 March 2025. The agreement was voted in plenary at second reading on 21 October 2025. The final act was signed on 22 October and published in the Official Journal on 5 November 2025. Sixth edition. The 'EU Legislation in Progress' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the legislative procedure. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The Pact for the Mediterranean was announced in the Commission political guidelines for 2024-2029 and adopted on 16 October 2025. It is a new strategic framework proposed by the European Union (EU) to strengthen cooperation with southern Mediterranean partners and build a more integrated, stable, and prosperous Common Mediterranean Space. Launched on the 30th anniversary of the 1995 Barcelona Declaration, this Pact was presented as an 'ambitious paradigm shift' in Euro-Mediterranean relations – moving towards deeper integration based on co-ownership, co-creation and joint responsibility. The Pact sets out a comprehensive agenda across three interlinked pillars, each with actionable initiatives: people; sustainable and integrated economies; and security, preparedness and migration management. By scaling up existing programmes and launching new joint initiatives, the Pact for the Mediterranean offers a blueprint to turn common challenges into shared opportunities. It calls on policymakers to unite their efforts in a spirit of partnership. By following through on these recommendations – investing in people, integrating economies, bolstering security, and collaborating across borders and tiers of government – the EU and its Mediterranean neighbours aim to co-create a future of peace, prosperity and stability for the region. On 20 November, the Council approved conclusions on the Pact for the Mediterranean. A Pact for the Mediterranean ministerial meeting is scheduled for 28 November, in Barcelona, to launch the Pact formally and commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Barcelona Declaration. The meeting will also launch the Union for the Mediterranean Regional Forum. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

EU chemicals and pesticides legislation focuses on protecting human health and the environment, while facilitating trade. It includes rules on chemical product marketing, restrictions on hazardous substances, and protocols for accidents and exports. Key achievements include the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) and REACH Regulations. The ongoing revision process aligns the legislation with the European Green Deal, particularly its sustainability and biodiversity strategies. In 2025, newly announced proposals and action plans aim to enhance safety, simplification and innovation in the regulation of chemicals and pesticides. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

EU policy for research and technological development (RTD) supports scientific excellence, innovation, and global competitiveness. The policy is rooted in early European legislation, it and was extended in the 1980s with a European framework programme for research. In 2014, most EU research funding came under the umbrella of Horizon 2020 (2014-2020). Its successor, Horizon Europe, is the EU’s main research and innovation funding programme for the 2021-2027 period, with a budget of EUR 93.4 billion. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Sweden's national recovery and resilience plan (NRRP) is financed under the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF). The NRRP's total volume is €3 445.7 million, financed entirely through EU grants. This amount reflects the downward revision of the national RRF envelope in June 2022, and includes €198 million in additional grants under the REPowerEU chapter, as well as a €66 million transfer from the Brexit Adjustment Reserve. The plan represents 0.4 % of the RRF and 0.7 % of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019 (the RRF represented 5.2 % of EU 27 GDP in 2019). Sweden is set to receive payments in five instalments. To date, the European Commission has disbursed €1 646 million, covering the first two instalments and corresponding to 47.8 % of its total grant allocation, which is below the EU average of 56.5 %. In June 2025, Sweden submitted a revised plan, to ensure full implementation before the RRF ends in August 2026. The revision is currently under Commission assessment and pending Council approval. The plan contributes 43.6 % of resources to climate-related objectives, surpassing the minimum target of 37 % set in the RRF Regulation. At 21.2 %, its allocation for digital expenditure also exceeds the threshold, which was set at 20 % of resources (excluding the REPowerEU chapter). The European Parliament has been a major supporter of establishing a common EU recovery instrument, and takes part in interinstitutional settings to cooperate, discuss and scrutinise implementation of the European Commission's work. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States. Fourth edition. The previous edition was written by Eckhard Binder. The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

After 'constructive discussions' in Geneva on 23 November between representatives of the US, Ukraine, France, Germany and the UK to 'update and refine' the 28-point Russia–Ukraine peace plan proposed by US President Donald Trump, the President of the European Council, António Costa, called a special meeting of EU leaders to take stock of the latest developments. The aim was to draw on the 'new momentum for peace negotiations' by carrying out 'additional work' on major issues left unresolved. EU leaders stressed that the solution should be just and lasting, and expressed their readiness to support the process by working closely with Ukraine, the US and NATO. While reiterating their commitment to provide Ukraine with all the diplomatic, military, economic and financial support it needs, they also insisted that issues concerning the EU directly, such as sanctions and immobilised assets, required an EU decision and its full involvement. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Ireland's national recovery and resilience plan (NRRP) has the fourth smallest allocation in absolute figures under the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF). Following the European Commission's 2022 update of national allocations, the initial €989 million allocation was adjusted to €914.4 million in grants, to be disbursed in five instalments. In 2024, Ireland introduced in its plan a new REPowerEU chapter to accelerate the green transition; this brought Ireland's new total to €1 153.8 million in grants. In November 2025, Ireland submitted a new revision aimed at streamlining implementation. Ireland has so far received €679.6 million in three payments. Relative to the size of its economy, Ireland's RRF grants are not large, at around 0.3 % of the country's 2019 gross domestic product (GDP), while the total RRF amounts to 5.2 % of 2019 EU 27 GDP. Given also that spending is spread over the years up to 2026, the plan is not expected to have a significant direct impact on Ireland's key macroeconomic indicators. А more significant indirect impact is expected from the overall boost to the EU economy and the associated cross-border spillover effects (slightly over 1 % of Ireland's 2023 GDP). The plan's overall objective is to contribute to a sustainable, equitable, green and digital recovery. It complements the government's broader domestic efforts under the economic recovery plan, underpinned by the national development plan (NDP) of €165 billion, for 2021 to 2030. Although the RRF allocation amounts to less than 1 % of the total NDP investment, the plan's 19 investments and 10 reforms focus on strategic EU priorities. The Irish NRRP allocates 50.2 % of funding to climate-related measures (boosted by REPowerEU) and, excluding REPowerEU, 34.2 % to digital measures. The European Parliament participates in interinstitutional forums for cooperation and discussion on the implementation of the RRF and scrutinises the European Commission's work. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States. Sixth edition. The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The ability of generative AI ('GenAI') to generate plausible text, images, music and computer code in response to human prompts is impressive. GenAI promises huge productivity gains in many domains, and large amounts of financial and political capital are staked on its success. Nevertheless, the current generation of models exhibit well-publicised weaknesses that might not simply disappear by using more data and processing power or smarter training. This paper looks at those limitations, and the lower-profile alternative approaches to AI that could overcome them and even provide the EU with a competitive advantage. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The global economic paradigm has shifted from globalisation to competition between transformative state projects. This briefing paper examines the risks and opportunities in EU-US relations, across the short-term threat of an AI Minsky moment in the US, the structural challenges of building state capacity for transformative industrial policy, and global Euro ambitions that require the European Central Bank to strengthen its local market maker and global lender of last resort frameworks, and European institutions to tighten the governance of Eurodollar stable coins while protecting monetary sovereignty through a digital euro. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

This briefing analyses the establishment of the European Anti-Money Laundering Authority (AMLA) as a cornerstone of the EU’s 2024 Anti-Money Laundering/Countering the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) legislative reform. As AMLA formally began its operations in the summer of 2025, a key question will be how effectively the Authority translates the new rulebook into consistent supervisory practice across the Union. The briefing examines how the new framework addresses long-standing regulatory fragmentation, enhances supervisory convergence, and strengthens the Union’s capacity to detect and prevent financial crime. It also explores AMLA’s institutional mandate, its interaction with national and EU authorities, and its potential evolution in a digitalised financial environment. Finally, it considers broader policy and geopolitical implications, assessing how AMLA may contribute to a more integrated and resilient European financial system. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

In response to United States (US) tariffs, and citing national security interests as a reason, China introduced two waves of export controls for rare-earth elements (REEs) in April and October 2025 respectively. The second wave has been suspended until November 2026. The EU has been negatively affected by the controls on REEs, which are indispensable for its digital, green and defence industries. While the partial suspension has been widely welcomed, China's move highlighted major vulnerabilities of the EU supply chains that remain hard to mitigate. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

This paper provides a summary of all scrutiny activities of the European Parliament related to euro area monetary policy in occasion of the October 2025 Monetary Dialogue with the European Central Bank (ECB). It covers the topics chosen by the competent Committee and related expertise papers provided in advance of the Dialogue, the actual topics addressed during the Dialogue, a brief overview of results from the Monetary Policy Expert Panel Survey, and the latest written questions made by Members to the ECB President. The document is published regularly ahead and after each Monetary Dialogue with the ECB. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Geopolitical risk is a peculiar type of risk for banks and it has gained in prominence recently. Yet, it is hard to grasp, and even more so to quantify. Three papers by academic experts that we have commissioned on behalf of the ECON Committee now provide important insights on geopolitical risk. This thematic briefing reviews the results of the three papers. The papers show the importance of this risk and report on the available evidence and the policy measures in place. They also point to some problems and gaps in the transparency and management of this risk. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Under the common agricultural policy (CAP), each EU Member State is required to draw up a CAP strategic plan (CSP) setting out how it will direct the CAP’s funding instruments (i.e. farmer income support and market and rural development measures) to address its local needs and achieve tangible results on EU-level objectives. This delivery model, established in 2021, provides for greater flexibility and subsidiarity in assigning responsibilities to the Member States. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The common agricultural policy (CAP) has undergone six major reforms, the most recent of which were in 2013 (for the 2014-2020 financial period) and 2021 (for the 2023-2027 financial period). The latest reform and new legislation came into force in January 2023. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The European Union has developed a policy to support the gradual integration of the Western Balkan countries with the EU. On 1 July 2013, Croatia became the first of the seven countries to join, and Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia have candidate country status. Accession negotiations and chapters have been opened with Albania, Montenegro and Serbia. Negotiations were opened with North Macedonia in July 2022 and with Bosnia and Herzegovina in March 2024. Kosovo submitted its application for EU membership in December 2022. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The proposed regulation to establish the EDIP should help boost the EU's defence industry at a time of geopolitical instability. The co-legislators reached a provisional agreement in October 2025. Parliament is set to consider its formal approval in plenary in November. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

In January 2025, the European Commission announced it would present a European grids package as part of its competitiveness compass for the EU. The intention of building on the 2023 action plan for grids was reiterated in February 2025, in the Clean Industrial Deal and action plan for affordable energy; and most recently as part of the 2026 Commission work programme adopted in October 2025. The Commission is expected to present the grids package on 10 December 2025. Energy prices in the EU remain higher and more volatile than those of its trading partners, reflecting Europe's dependency on imported fossil fuels and the investment uncertainty caused by recent geopolitical shocks. These pressures are intensified by structural inefficiencies in the energy system: insufficient interconnections, ageing grids, long and inconsistent permitting times, and limited support for distribution-level and digital infrastructure – all of which prevent the EU from fully exploiting its renewable generation potential. Despite progress made on cross-border infrastructure projects with the introduction of the Trans-European Networks for Energy (TEN-E) framework, large-scale investments to support grid expansion are still needed. In terms of implementation, investment is hampered by complex and fragmented grid planning, requiring heavy coordination across different strategies and stakeholders, as well lengthy permitting processes. In this regard, stakeholder groups call for simpler, clearer and more coordinated governance to ensure cross-border and cross-sector integration. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The EU's general budget for 2026 is scheduled for adoption during the European Parliament's November II plenary session. Parliament is due to vote on the provisional agreement reached with the Council on 15 November 2025 during budgetary conciliation. The Council must approve the provisional agreement formally before Parliament puts it to the vote. The agreed 2026 budget reinforces Parliament’s priorities and sets commitment appropriations at €192.77 billion and payments at €190.1 billion, including special instruments. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

At the Versailles Summit in March 2022, EU leaders committed to phasing out Europe's dependency on imported Russian natural gas, oil and coal. EU Member States ceased to import coal from Russia in August 2022, while imports of Russian crude oil dropped from 27 % in 2021 to 3 % of total EU crude oil imports in 2024. However, Russian natural gas still represents a substantial part of total EU gas consumption. The Commission proposed a 'Roadmap towards ending Russian energy imports' on 6 May 2025, aiming at the EU fully ending its dependency on Russian energy, while ensuring stable energy supplies and prices across the EU. A follow-up legislative proposal, published on 17 June 2025, focuses solely on phasing out imports of natural gas and oil from Russia, while imports of Russian nuclear material will be the subject of a separate proposal due to the complexity of supply chains. The proposal introduces legal obligations on Member States and private entities aiming at gradually phasing out pipeline gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) originating in or exported directly or indirectly from Russia. It also presents measures to facilitate a complete end to Russian oil imports by the end of 2027. A complete phase out of imports of Russian natural gas is envisaged for 1 January 2028, while imports under short-term contracts should end by 17 June 2026. This is an update a of a briefing published in July 2025. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

BUDG-ECON Committee meeting on 24 November 2025 Executive Vice-President Fitto and Commissioner Dombrovskis are invited to the 21st Recovery and Resilience Dialogue (RRD), scheduled for 24 November 2025. The RRD is the mechanism by which the European Parliament exercises democratic oversight over the implementation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) according to the RRF Regulation. The previous RRD took place on 8 September 2025. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Quantum technologies are developing rapidly. They have extensive uses in secure communications, energy, healthcare, manufacturing, defence and security, and space, and may bring about a change of paradigm in technological capabilities. Their economic and strategic value makes them a high priority for EU strategic autonomy. The new Quantum Europe Strategy intends to establish the EU as a global leader in quantum technologies by 2030. This paper explores the potential paths the EU can take to establish itself as a global leader in this field. To ensure that the strategy holds in a highly unpredictable world, we have conducted a foresight exercise to 'wind-tunnel' (stress-test) statements taken from the quantum strategy against the European Commission Joint Research Centre's four reference foresight scenarios. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Rare diseases, often underdiagnosed and overlooked, affect over 36 million people in the EU and around 300 million worldwide. The EU supports numerous initiatives to improve diagnosis, care, data sharing and research. The European Parliament is advocating for a comprehensive action plan at EU level to address persistent challenges such as fragmented research, lengthy diagnosis times, limited access to innovative treatment, and the overall quality of life for patients. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) represents the first international treaty negotiated under the authority of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the first global public health treaty. It was adopted by the World Health Assembly on 21 May 2003 and entered into force on 27 February 2005. 183 Parties have signed this treaty, covering 90% of the world population. The Eleventh Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP11) to the WHO FCTC will be held in Geneva, Switzerland, from the 17th to the 22nd of November 2025, bringing together Parties to advance global tobacco control policies and implementation. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The EU’s relationship with the Pacific region has political, economic and development dimensions. The EU is the Pacific region’s second largest trading partner. Australia and New Zealand are the EU’s like-minded partners, facing common geostrategic challenges and promoting multilateralism and a global rules-based order. In June 2018, negotiations were launched for a comprehensive EU-Australia free trade agreement (FTA) and the fifteenth round of negotiations took place in April 2023. The EU signed an FTA with New Zealand in July 2023.Under the Samoa Agreement the EU has a partnership with the 15 Pacific Island Countries (PICs) that centres on development, fisheries and climate change. It also has partnerships with the three Pacific Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs). Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Budget expenditure is approved jointly by the Council and Parliament. The annual EU budget must respect the expenditure ceilings agreed under the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for different headings, i.e. categories of expenditure, such as those on the single market, cohesion and natural resources. Thematic and non-thematic special instruments ensure that the EU can react in the event of unexpected needs. The use of budgetary guarantees and financial instruments creates a leverage effect as regards EU spending. In addition to the MFF, the total EU expenditure for 2021-2027 includes the temporary recovery instrument NextGenerationEU, which will help the EU economy to recover from the COVID-19 crisis. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The integrated maritime policy (IMP) of the EU is a holistic approach to all sea-related EU policies. It is based on the idea that the Union can draw higher returns from its maritime space with less impact on the environment by coordinating its wide range of interlinked activities related to oceans, seas and coasts. Hence, the IMP aims at strengthening the so-called blue economy, encompassing all sea-based economic activities. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP