This research paper examines the evolving landscape of digital trade and its impact on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union (EU). As digitalisation transforms global commerce, EU SMEs face significant opportunities as well as regulatory and competitive challenges. The study highlights key digital policy approaches, and in that context situates the current EU practice and commitments in international trade agreements affecting cross-border data flows, digital platforms and market access. The research highlights that while digital trade lowers costs and expands opportunities, complex compliance requirements and regulatory fragmenta¬tion hinder SME competitiveness. The study contrasts the EU’s rights-based approach to digital governance with the market-driven framework of the United States and the state-controlled model of China. To enhance SME participation in digital trade, the paper recommends a coordinated whole-of-government approach to digital regulation, stronger EU leadership in global trade negotiations, tailored SME provisions in trade agreements and expanded support for digital innovation and skills. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

This digest provides a collection of documents prepared by academia, think tanks, other EU institutions and bodies, as well as stakeholders, that can be useful for Members of the European Parliament’s Committee on Budgets to stay informed about the debate concerning the next Multiannual Financial Framework, starting in 2028. The document is produced on a monthly basis by the Budgetary Support Unit of DG BUDG and the European Parliamentary Research Service. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Under the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), Lithuania was set to receive financial support worth €3 849.2 million to implement its national recovery and resilience plan (NRRP), including for the REPowerEU chapter. These resources represent 0.5 % of the entire RRF, equal to 7.9 % of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019. In June 2022, the original plan, initially worth €2 224 million, was revised downwards to €2 100 million. In October 2023, Lithuania submitted a request to amend its NRRP, which included an additional grant allocation of €193.7 million for a REPowerEU chapter and a loan request worth €1 551.7 million. Lithuania also requested to transfer a portion of its share of the Brexit Adjustment Reserve to its plan (€4.7 million). The plan has been modified several times, with the latest change approved by Council in June 2025. Lithuania has so far received 47.3 % of the resources, or €1 819 million (in the form of pre-financing, three grants and two loan payments). A May 2024 Commission implementing decision has reduced the financial contribution by €8.7 million, based on the non-fulfilment of a milestone linked to a reform measure. Further payments will depend on progress made in implementing the plan. Lithuania's plan is consistent with the challenges and priorities identified in the European Semester, the annual cycle for coordinating and monitoring each EU country's economic policies. The European Parliament participates in interinstitutional forums for cooperation and discussion on the implementation of the RRF, and continues to scrutinise the European Commission's work. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States. Fourth edition. The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The European Solidarity Corps (ESC) programme is an EU programme aimed at young people that seeks to promote volunteering and solidarity in Europe. The current programme for the years 2021 to 2027 is a successor to the 2018-2020 programme, which in turn succeeded the 2016-2017 pilot. The 2021-2027 ESC incorporates what was formerly known as the EU Aid Volunteers initiative, as well as volunteering activities such as the European Voluntary Service that used to reside under the 2014-2020 Erasmus+ programme. Between 2021 and 2027, the programme is projected to offer opportunities for 270 000 young people across the EU and certain third countries. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are increasingly used in the areas of migration and asylum. These technologies promise to increase efficiency, reduce uncertainty and improve decision-making. In the asylum context, AI applications are meant to reduce pressure on national asylum systems and contribute to fairer and more consistent asylum decisions. Despite potential benefits, these technologies come with significant risks. Inaccurate or biased AI applications may jeopardise the right to asylum, increase or reinforce discrimination, and diminish procedural safeguards built into the asylum process. These risks depend on the type and complexity of applications used, their role in asylum procedures, and the way in which decision-makers interact with technologies. Although the deployment of AI applications in EU asylum systems is still in the early stages, the debate about the legal, social and ethical challenges posed by these new technologies is well under way. For instance, several Member States have started using AI technologies for dialect recognition to verify information, or obtain further information, on asylum applicants' country or region of origin. There are also examples of Member States using AI applications for name transliteration, automatic transcription of speeches and case matching. The introduction of AI technologies in EU asylum systems raises several major risks, relating to: (i) inaccuracies, bias and discrimination; (ii) undermining fairness and due process; and (iii) unlawful interference with privacy and data protection. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionising many sectors of the economy, including the energy sector. The exponential growth of data centres around the world and in Europe is driving up electricity demand, raising questions about its impact on existing infrastructure and on sustainability. At the same time, AI can help transform energy systems by boosting energy efficiency, facilitating the integration of renewables and optimising electricity networks. According to the International Energy Agency, data centres currently account for only 1.5 % of global electricity consumption, but their electricity demand is expected to more than double by 2030. In the EU, data centres account for around 3 % of total electricity demand, but this varies between countries and is over 20 % in Ireland. AI-focused data centres tend to cluster in geographical locations, contributing to pressure on local grids and involving trade-offs with climate goals, land use and energy affordability. A ChatGPT query uses 10 times more electricity than a traditional Google search, although that depends on the complexity of the question and the format used (text vs. multimedia). A large data centre is estimated to consume as much electricity annually as 100 000 households. Data centres use energy not only to train and run AI models but also to cool servers and maintain equipment. Renewables and natural gas are the main energy sources used to power data centres globally, although nuclear (and, in the future, small modular reactors) is also on the rise. The EU's 2020 digital strategy called for data centres to become climate neutral by 2030. The 2023 EU Energy Efficiency Directive requires data centres to report on their energy consumption, water usage and use of renewable energy, and a 2024 EU scheme for rating the sustainability of data centres requires them to report on key performance indicators on energy and sustainability. Upcoming EU initiatives aim to balance ambitions on competitiveness and concerns over decarbonisation. The Cloud and AI Development Act, expected in the coming months, will aim to triple EU data centre capacity in the next 5-7 years, while the 'strategic roadmap for digitalisation and AI for the energy sector' and the 'data centre energy efficiency package', planned for early 2026, will address the energy impacts. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Estonia's National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP) – one of the last NRRPs submitted to the European Commission – sets out the reforms and public investment projects Estonia intends to implement with the support of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF). The RRF is one of the main components of Next Generation EU, an EU instrument to counter the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Estonia's plan is one of the smallest in the EU in terms of the total amount allocated. However, when taking into account its number of inhabitants, the country is a medium-sized beneficiary. Initially, Estonia requested €982.5 million in grants but in the modified version, submitted to the European Commission in March 2023, Estonia reduced this amount to €953.3 million (-1.7 % compared with the original plan). The modified plan takes into account the updated maximum financial contribution published on 30 June 2022 (€863.5 million, down from €969.3 million) which reflects changes in real gross domestic product (GDP) over time. Furthermore, it includes a REPowerEU chapter to reinforce the plan's energy dimension. Estonia's modified plan represents 0.1 % of the entire RRF, equal to 3.4 % of the country's GDP in 2019 (the RRF being 5.2 % of EU-27 GDP in 2019). Estonia did not request any RRF loans. The Council approved Estonia's initial plan on 25 October 2021 and the modified plan on 16 June 2023. The European Commission disbursed €126 million (13.2 % of the resources of the revised plan) in pre-financing on 17 December 2021, the first payment of €239 million on 6 November 2023, REPowerEU chapter pre-financing of 18 million on 14 December 2023, the second payment of €122 million on 18 April 2024, and the third payment of €122 million on 18 March 2025. In total, Estonia has so far received €627 million (65.8 % of the resources). The European Parliament, which was a great supporter of the creation of a common EU recovery instrument, participates in interinstitutional cooperation and discussions on its implementation, and scrutinises the European Commission's work. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States. Third edition. The 'Monitoring EU recovery' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

This in-depth analysis, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs, assesses the potential drivers and rationale for a possible 28th Regime as proposed in the Letta Report. The 28th Regime seeks to enable firms who wish to do so to operate under a new business law codified at European level. The intent is to enable firms, especially SMEs and innovative firms, to operate without friction across all EU Member States. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Deepfakes – videos, images and audio created using artificial intelligence (AI) to realistically simulate or fabricate content – are booming on the internet. They are becoming increasingly accessible, as what previously required powerful tools can now be done with free mobile apps and limited digital skills. At the same time, they are becoming increasingly sophisticated and therefore more difficult to detect, especially audio deepfakes. While deepfakes have applications in entertainment and creativity, their potential for spreading fake news, creating non-consensual content and undermining trust in digital media is problematic, as they are evolving faster than existing legislative frameworks. A projected 8 million deepfakes will be shared in 2025, up from 500 000 in 2023. The European Commission states that pornographic material accounts for about 98 % of deepfakes. Deepfakes pose greater risks for children than adults, as children's cognitive abilities are still developing and children have more difficulty identifying deepfakes. Children are also more susceptible to harmful online practices including grooming, cyberbullying and child sexual abuse material. This highlights the need for legal action and cooperation, including developing the tools and methods needed to tackle these threats at the required scale and pace. Furthermore, there is a growing need for enhanced generative AI literacy for children, educators and parents. There is also a need for increased industry efforts and better implementation of relevant European Union (EU) legislation such as the Artificial Intelligence Act and the Digital Services Act. Monitoring indicators on children's online use at the EU level are currently non-existent, highlighting the need for their implementation. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Initiatives to restore European primary forests and thereby reverse centuries of decline are gaining traction. Such restoration could deliver significant ecological, environmental, climate-related and socio-cultural benefits, ranging from biodiversity conservation, water regulation and climate mitigation, to ecotourism and renewed human relationships with nature. However, a number of challenges and trade-offs need to be addressed, including the lack of primary forest mapping, concerns over human exclusion and potential economic losses. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Denmark assumed the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union on 1 July and will hold the office until 31 December 2025. It took over from Poland and will hand the baton to Cyprus, the three countries forming a presidency trio. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

This European Parliamentary Research Service paper aims to inform Members on issues related to a forthcoming Commission initiative. It highlights the main choices that may shape the initiative and which Members may wish to explore ahead of formal European Commission adoption. Based on documentary and other sources, it reflects the information available at the time of writing. For further information on this topic, Members and staff of the European Parliament may contact the author. KEY ISSUES AT STAKE • Transport accounts for around a quarter of EU emissions. More sustainable transport in the EU is therefore crucial to achieving the European Green Deal aim to cut net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 55 % by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, by means of sustainable fuels, modes, and technological solutions. • Uptake of electric vehicles (EV) in the EU has been slow and uneven, due to limited investment in EV charging infrastructure and EV supply issues. Frontrunners, such as the Netherlands, have a better regulatory environment, greater public investment and a more stable and affordable energy market. Business models and value chains are reluctant to adapt before technological solutions are sufficiently developed. • Implementation of initiatives such as the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) and CO2 emission standards for new vehicles is challenging, with progress slowing due to uneven roll-out across EU, state, and regional levels, limited electrical grid capacity, and high sustainable fuel production costs. • The European Commission is expected to issue a sustainable transport investment plan in the third quarter of 2025, outlining measures to support the accelerated roll-out of recharging and refuelling infrastructure, as well as dedicated green trade and investment partnerships with third countries on renewable and low-carbon transport fuels. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Draft amending budget No 1/2025 (DAB 1/2025) to the EU's 2025 general budget seeks to enter the €1.35 billion surplus from implementation of the 2024 budget as revenue into the 2025 budget. Including this surplus would lead to a corresponding reduction in Member States' gross national income (GNI) contributions to the 2025 budget. The European Parliament is expected to vote on the Council's position on DAB 1/2025 during the July plenary session. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Gas storage provides a valuable reserve in case of strong demand or supply disruption, reducing the need to import additional gas and helping stabilise energy prices. In March 2025, the European Commission proposed an amendment to the Gas Storage Regulation, adopted during the 2022 energy crisis, to extend its validity until the end of 2027. During its July plenary session, the European Parliament will vote on the text agreed in trilogue negotiations with the Council. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Albania has been an EU candidate country since June 2014. On 25 March 2020, the Council decided to open accession negotiations with the country, based on its progress in meeting the political criteria and fulfilling the five priorities that are key for EU membership. Accession negotiations effectively started in July 2022, when the first intergovernmental conference was held. The main challenges are flaws in the functioning of the judiciary, in the fight against corruption, and in the safeguarding of media freedoms and minority rights. The European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET) adopted its report on the European Commission's 2023 and 2024 reports on Albania on 4 June 2025. A debate and vote on the report are due to be held in plenary in July. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Georgia applied for EU membership in March 2022 and received candidate status on 14 December 2023, under certain conditions. Since then, the severe democratic backsliding brought about by the ruling Georgian Dream party has resulted in the de facto halt of Georgia's EU accession process. Additionally, the country is currently embroiled in a political crisis following the contested October 2024 parliamentary elections. Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET) adopted its report on the 2023 and 2024 enlargement Commission reports on Georgia on 4 June 2025. A debate and vote on the report are due to be held in plenary in July. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Denmark is a constitutional monarchy with a representative parliamentary system. According to the Constitutional Act (section 3), the monarch and the Parliament jointly constitute the legislative authority, the monarch exercises executive authority, and the courts of justice represent the judicial authority. The monarch, however, mainly has a ceremonial role and appoints the Prime Minister and cabinet ministers, who are responsible for governing the country. The government is formed through the system of 'negative parliamentarism', meaning that the government must not be opposed by a majority in the Parliament. The government and its ministers are accountable to the Parliament. General elections must be held at least every four years, while the Prime Minister can dissolve the Parliament and call for new elections. Powers are separated, but a close link exists between the Parliament and the government due to parliamentarism, with political parties playing a key role. Most of the ministers are usually members of parliament, even if this is not a requirement. The Folketing is the unicameral Parliament of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is composed of 179 members elected by general and direct ballot for a period of four years: 135 members are elected through party-list proportional representation in ten constituencies; 40 seats are allocated to ensure proportionality at national level; and, as part of the Danish Realm, Greenland and the Faroe Islands each elect two members. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

This briefing analyses the implementation of the new economic governance framework in its first year of application. In particular, after discussing recent economic developments (Section 1), it assess results and roll-out of the new framework of fiscal coordination and surveillance as reported by the Commission in its 2025 Spring Package (Section 2). It also describes the current state of play on the implementation of the national escape clause for defence spending (Section 3) before focusing on the current excessive deficit procedures (Section 4). Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The European Committee of the Regions is made up of 329 members representing the regional and local authorities of the 27 Member States of the European Union. It issues opinions sought on the basis of mandatory (as required by the Treaties) and voluntary consultation and, where appropriate, own-initiative opinions. Its members are not bound by any mandatory instructions. They are independent in the performance of their duties, in the European Union’s general interest. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The European Council, formed of the heads of state or government of the Member States, provides the necessary impetus for the development of the European Union and sets out the general political guidelines. The Commission President is also a non-voting member. The President of the European Parliament addresses the European Council at the beginning of its meetings. The Lisbon Treaty established the European Council as an institution of the Union and endowed it with a long-term presidency. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The organisation and operation of the European Parliament are governed by its Rules of Procedure. The political bodies, committees, delegations and political groups guide Parliament’s activities. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Together with Parliament, the Council of the European Union is the institution that adopts EU legislation through regulations and directives and prepares decisions and non-binding recommendations. In its areas of competence, it takes its decisions by a simple majority, a qualified majority or unanimously, according to the legal basis of the act requiring its approval. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

This study offers an in-depth examination of the European Union’s (EU) trade defence instruments (TDI), focusing on their evolution, implementation and impact on industries, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It takes stock of the European Commission’s trade defence activities and critically examines existing TDI. It highlights procedural complexities, including investigation timelines and provisional measures, alongside the unique challenges SMEs face in accessing TDI. It includes a short empirical analysis of the activity of EU trade defence measures and explores sector-specific dynamics, with examples from steel, ceramics and renewable energy industries, illustrating the protective and adaptive role of TDI against unfair global trade practices such as dumping and subsidies. Comparative insights into international practices from the USA, China and India further contextualise EU approaches. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Foresight is increasingly used to explore future EU policies. Foresight methodology combines an evidence-based approach – including literature review, surveys and trend analysis – with the imagination of possible futures, usually based on expert views and scenarios. The application of foresight to long-term decision-making is usually referred to as strategic foresight. Used in a policy context as 'policy foresight', it is mostly used in agenda setting, strategic planning or to support policy design. Scenarios can be exploratory or normative, aiming at fixed policy outcomes. Because foresight seeks to improve policymaking by anticipating future developments, policy considerations are often part of foresight reports, sometimes followed by strategies. All EU institutions engage in foresight, and so do several Member States. Since 2019, foresight has been part of the portfolio of one or more members of the European Commission. The Commission publishes annual foresight reports, while its Joint Research Centre conducts more in-depth foresight projects. The European Parliament's Policy Foresight Unit and its predecessors have been conducting foresight since 2015. Since 2022, the Council of the EU publishes an annual 'Forward Look', while other EU institutions apply foresight to topics that fall into their remit. Nine EU institutions and bodies cooperate in the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System (ESPAS), which holds an annual foresight conference and publishes a Global Trends Report every five years. Recent trend analyses from EU institutions, such as the Global Trends Report, point to challenges for the EU's resilience through social fragmentation, a lack of technological sovereignty and innovation, economic dependencies, environmental risks and geopolitical rivalry. Forward-looking publications search for answers to the 'poly-crisis' in which the EU has found itself since the COVID 19 pandemic. Common objectives of current EU policy foresight, as expressed in reports and strategies, include reducing the EU's external dependencies, increasing the EU's resilience and enhancing its capacity to act. Achieving (open) strategic autonomy – sometimes referred to as 'sovereignty' – runs as a red thread through many EU policy foresight reports. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

As the Treaties make no specific reference to forests, the European Union does not have a common forestry policy. Therefore, it remains primarily a national competence. However, the EU has established a European forest strategy and supports many actions that have a significant impact on forests in the EU and in non-EU countries. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The free movement of goods, services, capital and people across borders is growing continuously. In response, the European Union is enhancing judicial cooperation in civil law matters with cross-border implications, effectively building bridges between diverse legal systems. The EU’s key goals are to ensure legal certainty and easy and effective access to justice. This involves clearly identifying the competent jurisdiction, determining the applicable law and streamlining the procedures for recognition and enforcement of judgments. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) covers Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestine, Syria and Tunisia. It consists of bilateral policies between the EU and the 10 individual partner countries, plus a regional cooperation framework, the Union for the Mediterranean. The EU boosted support for democratic transformation under the ENP in 2011, in response to the uprisings in its southern neighbourhood. It further reviewed the ENP in 2015. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Equality between women and men is one of the objectives of the European Union. Over time, legislation, case-law and changes to the Treaties have helped consolidate this principle and its implementation in the EU. The European Parliament has always been a fervent defender of the principle of equality between men and women. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

By supporting the Member States in the fight against poverty, social exclusion and discrimination, the EU aims to reinforce the inclusiveness and cohesion of European society and to everyone to enjoy equal access to opportunities and resources. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Europe's culture and cultural heritage are fundamental to EU values and identity, providing space for discussion, engagement and debate. Culture also fosters a European sense of belonging and social cohesion, strengthens communities, and drives innovation and economic competitiveness. The New European Agenda for Culture, which has provided a framework for EU cultural policy since 2018, has become outdated in light of the significant challenges currently facing culture. To address this gap, the priorities of the Commissioner for Intergenerational Fairness, Youth, Culture and Sport, Glenn Micallef, include the development of an overarching, coherent and ambitious strategic framework for culture. This framework, called a new Culture Compass for Europe, is expected to provide long-term direction for diverse cultural aspects in EU policymaking and to ensure that culture becomes more accessible to all. The Culture Compass can be seen as a new policy approach that places culture at the centre of EU policies, serving as a driver for democracy, security, competitiveness, societal resilience, innovation and international partnerships. The European Parliament has played a crucial role in advancing discussions on culture at the EU level. Parliament has called on the Commission to strengthen EU support for building more crisis-resilient creative and cultural sectors and to provide adequate funding for EU-wide programmes promoting culture. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

The EU's Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) is the core component of Next Generation EU (NGEU). By promoting the sustainable and inclusive recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic that ensures the green and digital transitions make progress, the RRF is consistent with the European Commission's priorities. Belgium's initial maximum contribution to finance its national recovery and resilience plan (NRRP) was set to €5 924 million in grants. The amount was updated in June 2022 and reduced to €4 523 million. In addition, the non-repayable allocation for the REPowerEU chapter to reinforce the NRRP's energy dimension is set at €281 million. Belgium also submitted a reasoned request to transfer part of its allocation from the resources of the Brexit Adjustment Reserve to the RRF (€228 million). Finally, Belgium requested a loan support of €264 million. The overall EU financial contribution to the amended Belgian NRRP stands thus at €5 298 million; it represents 0.7 % of the entire RRF, and 1.1 % of Belgium's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019. The Council approved Belgium's amended NRRP in December 2023. Other targeted revisions took place in 2024 and 2025. In total, Belgium has received €2.46 billion so far: €915.1 million in pre-financing – 13 % of the initial NRRP (€770 million, all grants) in 2021, and 20 % of the REPowerEU chapter (€102.1 million in grants, €43 million in loans) in 2024; and two result-based instalments – one of €631.6 million (all grants) in September 2024, and another of €909 million (of which €40 million in loans) in May 2025. The European Parliament, which was a major advocate of creating a common EU recovery instrument, participates in interinstitutional forums for cooperation and discussion on RRF implementation and scrutinises the European Commission's work. This briefing is one in a series covering all EU Member States. Third edition. The 'NGEU delivery' briefings are updated at key stages throughout the lifecycle of the plans. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

EU cooperation with African countries and the African Union (AU) is based on two distinct frameworks: namely (a) the Partnership Agreements with the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states and (b) the Joint Africa-EU strategy.The legal basis for the political, economic and development aspects of the partnership between the EU and the ACP states was established by the Cotonou Agreement in 2000. This was replaced, on 15 November 2023, by the Samoa Agreement, which was negotiated to modernise and upgrade the partnership.The Joint Africa-EU strategy has been implemented through multiannual roadmaps and action plans adopted at each EU-AU summit, which traditionally takes place every three years. At the EU-AU summit held in February 2022 in Brussels, EU and AU leaders agreed on ‘A Joint Vision for 2030’, which aims to consolidate a renewed partnership based on solidarity, security, peace, sustainable development and shared prosperity. The third EU-AU ministerial meeting took place on 21 May 2025, with the participation of the new AU leadership. This meeting reviewed progress on the Joint Vision for 2030, and paved the way for the seventh EU-AU summit, which is set to take place in Africa in 2025, marking 25 years of the partnership since the Cairo summit in 2000.The EU is Africa’s most significant donor of official development assistance. This is mainly funded by the EU’s general budget through the Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI) – Global Europe. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

On 18 March 2025, a law was adopted in Hungary restricting the freedom of assembly, by connecting it to a previous controversial law from 2021 that prohibited the public portrayal to children of 'divergence from self-identity corresponding to sex at birth, sex change or homosexuality'. An amendment to the Hungarian Constitution adopted on 14 April 2025 further reinforced this. On the basis of this law, Budapest police decided to ban Budapest Pride. While at first some of the police's decisions were annulled by the Hungarian Supreme Court on procedural grounds and required new decisions, the Supreme Court later upheld these decisions and refused to check the law against the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) or make a preliminary reference to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The Supreme Court considered that this case is not within the CJEU's jurisdiction. The mayor of Budapest announced that Budapest Pride will be held as a municipal event, but the Budapest police have issued a decision prohibiting this. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

While Europeans are adopting TikTok at a remarkable pace, recent headlines on addictive design, data protection violations, election interference, incendiary content and child sexual exploitation incidents are casting a shadow over its success. This briefing maps the key issues associated with the platform and outlines the European Union's (EU) legal framework to facilitate parliamentary discussions on recent developments, inform debates on future legislation such as the digital fairness act, and support the European Parliament's scrutiny of regulatory enforcement. EU investigations into TikTok are ongoing, yet few final decisions are available, and reliable information is sparse. A review of incidents and initiatives in the United States and the United Kingdom provides relevant insights on topical issues relating to TikTok. For instance, hearings and lawsuits linked to the US divest-or-ban law reveal possible national security risks arising from TikTok granting Chinese affiliates access to user data. Lawsuits from at least 16 US attorneys general demonstrate TikTok's potentially addictive features. Parliament will review the results and formulate its position once EU enforcement actions and regulatory preparations conclude. More than 10 EU laws regulate social media operations and services. For instance, rules in the Artificial Intelligence Act, the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive and the General Data Protection Regulation on non-manipulation can be invoked to mitigate risks like addictive design. However, precise legal applications remain unclear without established case law. This creates broad enforcement possibilities, but it also suggests a need for clearer guidelines or additional regulation. While enforcement actions may escalate geopolitical tensions with China, these issues could be eased through collaboration on shared priorities such as child protection, enhancing strategic and operational interdependence, and exploring privacy-enhancing middleware solutions. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP

Questo studio fa parte di un progetto più ampio, il cui scopo è quello di analizzare, nella prospettiva del diritto comparato, il principio della protezione dell’ambiente in diversi ordinamenti giuridici. Dopo una breve introduzione storica, l’individuazione della normativa applicabile e l’analisi della giurisprudenza formatasi al riguardo, vengono esaminati il contenuto, i limiti e la possibile evoluzione di tale principio. Il presente studio è dedicato al principio della protezione dell’ambiente nell’ordinamento giuridico italiano. La crescente attenzione da parte del legislatore italiano alla protezione dell’ambiente porterà, in epoca recente, all’inserimento di un riferimento alla tutela ambientale nei principi fondamentali e in ulteriori disposizioni della Costituzione, nonché all’adozione di una serie di leggi che, progressivamente, finiranno per imporre sempre più rigorose limitazioni all’esercizio di qualsiasi attività destinata ad incidere sul territorio, rischiando, talora, di pregiudicarne lo sviluppo. Nel contemperamento fra le esigenze di tutela ambientale e l’esercizio di diritti costituzionalmente garantiti, questi ultimi finiscono sovente per essere sacrificati in ragione di esigenze di tutela della sostenibilità ambientale, ancorché i parametri di valutazione utilizzati nel considerarne la legittimità non siano adeguatamente definiti nel diritto positivo ed espongano il loro apprezzamento ad eccessivi margini di discrezionalità, se non addirittura ad arbitrarietà. Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP