Briefing - Understanding trilogue: Parliament's rules and practices for reaching provisional agreement on legislation - 09-04-2025
Thanks to successive Treaty revisions, the European Parliament legislates on an equal footing with the Council. Today, a vast number of policies are decided under the ordinary legislative procedure (Article 294, Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union − TFEU), previously known as co-decision. To adopt legislation, Parliament, representing European Union citizens, and the Council, representing the governments of the EU Member States, have to agree on an identical text. This requires time and negotiation. The complexity of the EU legislative process has sometimes been criticised as lengthy and subject to gridlock. To overcome this issue, the co-legislators have developed methods of informal contact to speed up the legislative process, while ensuring representativeness and oversight. One of the tools commonly used today are trilogue meetings, defined as 'informal tripartite meetings on legislative proposals between representatives of the Parliament, the Council and the Commission'. Due to the absence of any explicit reference in the Treaties, trilogue began in the early 1990s, on a very informal basis, and evolved over time. In the beginning, the institutions filled the legal void with an informal practice that became progressively formalised over time and resulted, inter alia, in successive modifications of Parliament's Rules of Procedure. These modifications were driven by the need to ensure that trilogue negotiations support the legislative process in Parliament efficiently, while remaining fully transparent and representative. Today, Parliament's Rules of Procedure define the key elements of trilogue: how to conduct negotiations, and how to ensure that both the committee(s) responsible and plenary are fully informed and can exercise their oversight role. Other elements, such as the number and frequency of meetings, and the practical conduct of the negotiations depend on the nature of the legislative file to be negotiated, and thus remain uncodified. This briefing updates a 2021 EPRS publication.
Source : © European Union, 2025 - EP